The Quality Management Challenge - 645 Words

The Quality Management Challenge There are many organizations today that want to establish a useful product quality management system. In an organization there are different locations, business units, and departments that can often use separate processes to solve product deficiencies. This can lead to confusion down the line. Lifecycle is one method that can improve product quality management in the manufacturing and service industries. Agile Product Quality Management can provide businesses a way to extend their enterprises where teams can dynamically update, access, and analyze information about product quality from internal to external departments, customers, and suppliers. (TechWell, agile connection, 2011). Quality Assurance in procurement Quality assurance is a wide-ranging concept that influences the value of an item to ensure products are of the highest quality. There are several factors in the Quality Assurance in procurement phase such as the â€Å"implementation of a quality assurance system in procurement, including systems for prequalification, storage and distribution, may affect costs† (Thomas, David, Niranjan, Lombe, 2012). The benefit of testing products is to ensure quality that can reduce possible losses caused by the purchase and supply of substandard products. To ensure the highest quality a product needs to be prequalified through manufacturers before it can be distributed and purchased. All activities during the procurement process need more efficientShow MoreRelatedQuality Management1570 Words   |  6 PagesQuality Management Executive Summary In health care, the industry is facing tremendous challenges from rising costs and larger demand for a variety of services. To help address these issues requires establishing a strategy for organizational leadership. This will serve as foundation for developing a quality management program. 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Nutritional assessment- a vital component Free Essays

Introduction Malnutrition and undernourishment pose a major healthcare problem in the care of hospitalized patients in different care units in developed countries. There are numerous studies in health care literature reporting frequent malnutrition of patients in acute hospitals on admission and deterioration of nutritional status during hospitalization, particularly older people (Inge.K, 1999). We will write a custom essay sample on Nutritional assessment- a vital component or any similar topic only for you Order Now Malnutrition can be defined in older people as faulty or inadequate nutritional status; undernourishment characterized by insufficient dietary intake, poor appetite, muscle wasting and weight loss (Carole S. Mackey, 2004). The cause of malnutrition is commonly contributed to medical, social and environmental as well as individual factors, such as poor appetite and disinterest in food, unpalatable or inadequate food, and lack of assistance with eating, poor skills in recognizing malnourished patients or those at risk of malnutrition and the low priority given to patients’ nutrition by doctors and nurses. Undetected and untreated, malnutrition is found to be detrimental to the quality of life and can lead to severe consequences such as prolonged hospital stays, high risk of infection, pressure ulcers, reduced wound healing, increased morbidity and mortality as well as increased costs for care, therefore, it is vital that hospital wards for older people have a nutritional care policy to prevent and/or treat malnutrition (Carole S. Mackey, 2004). Case scenario In 2010 August, Mr. Wong complained dizzy and fell in the morning and initially presented to orthopedic ward for collapse of L1 after fall. On admission, Mr. Wong’s ear temperature was 36.8, blood pressure was 100/ 50 mmHg, pulse was 75 /min, oxygen saturation was 93% on 2 L/min oxygen. During the acute state, he was developed hospital acquired pneumonia and put on Augmentin for one week course. In same year of November, Mr. Wong was transferred to rehabilitation ward for recovery and physiotherapy. Mr. Wong was retired. He has a 30-yr smoking history with one pack per day. He tries to quit smoking several times, but does not succeed. He lives in a 4-bedroom house with his wife and two sons and one daughter. He attended a Tai-Chi course with his wife in nearby park every day and had balanced diets prepared by Mrs. Wong. Mr. Wong had past history of Parkinson’s disease, hyperlipidaemia and gout followed up by Princess Margaret Hospital medical. On 2008 he had old lacunar infarct on computer tomography scan. In the rehabilitation ward, Mr. Wong had some exercise or limbs training with physiotherapists on the bed, as he could not have enough energy to stand up or walk with or without any support. Therefore, Mr. Wong always lied on the bed and then subsequently suffered from bed sore at his sacral. Firstly, he just suffered from stage one pressure sore, which was redness at the site without any discharge, and protected from duoderm. The health care workers provided daily normal saline dressing, frequent turning and pillows to relieve the pressure at the sacral. However, the pressure sore still became worse. At first, when the health care workers assessed Mr. Wong had high risk of worsening pressure sore; there are six risk factors including mobility, continence, nutritional, skin integrity, physical condition and medication common leading to developing pressure ulcers (Sharp CA, 2006). All possible preventions such as maintenance of well personal hygiene, frequent turning, and use of ripple bed had been provided. Also, wound nurse had assessed Mr. Wong’s situation and recommended the nurses for continuously providing dressing care and frequent skin observation. However, all recommendations and protections were given under strict supervision, but there is one criteria area missing in dealing pressure sore, this is nutrition. Poor nutritional status has been reported by several studies to be contributing factor to pressure ulcer development and malnutrition is positively correlated with pressure ulcer incidence and severity (Sharp. CA, 2006). Inadequate nutrition can increase the r isk of developing pressure ulcers and infection as well as impede the healing process of all wounds. Also, adequate dietary protein is absolutely essential for proper wound healing, and tissue levels of the amino acids may influence wound repair and immune function. As a result, a nutritional support should be given to patients with identified nutritional deficiency and any support be based on nutritional assessment using a recognized tool, general health status, patient preference or expert dietician (Ulrika Soderhamn, 2008). Moreover, nursing staff play an important role in the detection of the patient at risk and the implementation of sufficient preventive strategies. However, a comprehensive nutritional assessment is seldom performed on geriatric patients as routine and very few at-risk patients have a nutritional care plan. And some studies pointed that nurses in geriatric care feel they have a great responsibility for nutritional assessment and care but lack of sufficient knowledge for the tasks as well as of support from physicians (Ulrika Soderhamn, 2008). It is recommended that the health care workers should take the responsibility for informing, ordering, serving food and observing food intake and securing sufficient intake. These require the health care workers have sufficient knowledge and appropriate tools for screening and assessment of the older patients (Sharp. CA, 2006). Nutritional assessment A nutritional assessment is an in-depth evaluation of both objective and subjective data to define a person’s nutrition status. Specific data are obtained to create a metabolic and nutritional profile of the patient. The goals of the nutritional assessment are identification of patients who have, or at risk of developing malnutrition; to quantify a patient’s degree of malnutrition and to monitor the adequacy of nutrition therapy. It includes gathering information from the patient’s careful medical history, dietary history, a physical examination and laboratory tests (Weber, J, 2009). Medical history collection approaches Foremost in nutritional assessment is the patient interview for determining clinical history. Health care workers have recognized the way in which various diseases and conditions affect a person’s nutritional status. Attention should be focused on the disease state, duration of illness, intake of nutrients and presence of such gastrointestinal systems as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Also, the natural aging process can lead to increased nutritional problems among the elderly. Nearly 65% of elderly patients are calorie-protein undernourished or nutritional deficits developed while in the hospital (Vanderwee K, 2010). There some risks that are related with poor nutrition on the elderly such as normal aging changes in the senses of smell and taste, the effects of chronic diseases on food intake, psychological factors, social isolation, side effects from multiple medications or diminished function that subsequently limits their ability to shop or prepare meals. Choosing a dietary approach to nutritional status assessment The most valid or accurate dietary methods are prospective methods. These involve keeping records of foods consumed over the period of time of interest. This can be done by individuals themselves, or by health care workers observing them. Sometimes the foods are weighed before eating and then plate waste is weighed and subtracted. A similar method is to prepare two duplicate meals; one is consumed by the subject and the other is analyzed for nutrient content. Another method is the dietary record, in which the subject records estimated amounts of foods consumed. In any case, these methods are highly reactive because individuals may alter usual behavior to make their diet more socially desirable or to simplify the process of record keeping. Recall methods are the most widely used type of dietary data collection method. They are less reactive, but also less accurate than record methods. Twenty-four hour recalls, in which the previous day’s intake is queried in detail, for instanc e, foods, amounts, preparation techniques, condiments, are easiest for health care workers to complete (Sharp. CA, 2006). The data reported are converted from foods to nutrients with the use of food composition tables. Because a single day is not representative of usual intake, multiple twenty-four hour recalls are frequently used. Besides, the twenty-four hour recall of food intake record are used, the health care workers should observe the patients’ food preference, history of eating pattern and eating ability such as mood changes or swallow problem that might affect their eating. Physical examination Evaluation of the patient’s overall appearance and thorough physical examination of the skin, eyes, mouth, hair, and nails provide a clue the presence of malnutrition. Weight is one of the most useful elements of the physical examination for the assessment of nutritional status (Inge.K, 1999). Body weight is expressed as a relative to established norms in the general population. For adults, body weight and height are used to evaluate overall nutritional status and to classify individuals as at healthy or non-healthy weights. The most recent classification is to use body mass index (BMI, in kg/?). BMI, regardless of age or population, is normal at 18.5-25.0 kg/?, overweight at 25.0 to 19.9 kg/?, and obese at over 30.0 kg/?. In general BMI greater than 30 is assumed to be due to excessive adiposity (World Heart Federation, 2005). Weight loss is often the first clue to an underlying cause of malnutrition. The loss of more than 10% of the patient’s usual weight necessitates a thorough nutritional assessment. Recent unintentional loss of 10% to 20% of the patient’s usual weight indicates moderate protein-calorie malnutrition, and loss of more than 20% indicates severe protein-calorie malnutrition (Ulrika Soderhamn, 2008). In addition to weight and height, anthropometric approaches are for most part relatively noninvasive methods that assess the size of body composition of an individual. Anthropometric measures, such as mid-arm muscle circumference and triceps skin-fold thickness, estimate fat and lean tissue mass respectively (Carole S. Mackey, 2004). Anthropometric measures of nutritional status can be compromised by other health conditions. For example, edema characteristic of some forms of malnutrition and other disease states can conceal wasting by increasing body weight. Anthropometric data are used in nutritional assessment to compare measured values with standardized controls and to compare serial measurements over time in the same patient. These are useful in identifying the most severely malnourished patients, especially those with fluid retention as a result of disease (Inge.K, 1999). Biochemical data Laboratory tests based on blood urine can be important indicators of nutritional status, but they are influenced by non-nutritional factors as well. Measurements of serum protein levels are used in conjunction with other assessment parameters to determine the patients’ overall nutritional status. Serum proteins used in nutritional assessment include albumin and transferrin and preablumin. Albumin is a complex, high-molecular-weight protein produced by the liver and decreased albumin levels have been shown to correlate with increased morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients; therefore it is often used as a prognostic indicator. If the patient’s serum albumin concentration lower then 3.5g/dL and the total lymphocyte count lower than 1500 cells/mm3, it should be take more concern with them (Carole S. Mackey, 2004). Also lab results can be altered by medications, hydration status, and disease states or other metabolic processes, such as stress. As with the other are as of nutrition assessment, biochemical data need to be viewed as a part of the whole. Discussion Before utilization of the nutritional assessment, the health care workers might only concern how the pressure sore can be healed and provided further treatment or protection. The nutritional issue related to wound healing might be ignored. The health care workers should have knowledge and be conscious of nutritional issues and know the importance and relevance of these issues for the particular patient promoted the nutritional nursing assessment. Identifying, assessing and treating older patients’ nutritional problems is a challenge for all staff groups involved in the patients’ care, therefore, it need to collaboration between other caregivers and professionals and sufficient knowledge about nutrition among the staff groups (C. E. Weekes, 2009). For example, the nurse can organize one person into performing specific tasks like serving food to Mr. Wong to highlight his eating ability and facilitate the assessment process. There is also collaboration between the nurse an d physician, speech therapist or dietician who can help with the estimation of the nutritional requirements and get suggestions of food supplements. The first priority for the nurses is to let Mr. Wong know their nutritional needs and current problems, as he might think that he ate enough every day, but the situation perhaps was adverse. They should have an individual holistic patient view and discuss with Mr. Wong about his situation and then find out how and why the identified nutritional problem influenced the pressure sore. And the four assessment techniques in a nutritional assessment can perform at the same time. The health care workers always perform the twenty-four hours intake and output record with Mr. Wong for calculating the fluid balance and energy intake in the daily nursing routine. Also, it can be recognized Mr. Wong’s nutritional status from physical examination like Body mass index reading and mid-arm circumference to determine the specific needs and problems. And then collaboration with physicians to taking his blood for further laboratory assessment. The laboratory results like protein level and albumin level provide information for the nursing diagnosis. Using the clinical, biochemical and dietary data, influences on the nutritional status can be determined. A nutritional intervention which includes dietary guidance and exercise recommendations is then formulated and discussed with the individual. Further dialogues with and observations of Mr. Wong are used promoting for a continuous assessment process, because it can supply the nurse with information about the effects of the interventions and how the nutritional status of Mr. Wong changed, The nurse then feels a responsibility for him having a continuous and proper nutritional intake (C. E. Weekes e, 2009). If all the possible preventions and nutritional problem can be treated, the rate of getting infection should be minimized and the wound healing should be better. Conclusion Malnutrition becomes a considerable problem among hospitalized patients. The use of nutritional care practices and nutrition assessment of elderly patients is necessary and optimal in hospitals. Nutrition assessment involves a combination of examinations and patient history, and as such, no single laboratory test or finding should be used to indicate poor nutrition. An increased consciousness of the importance of nutritional care and assessment among health care professionals will contribute to further improvement of the quality of nutritional care. Reference Carole S. Mackey. (2004). Nutritional Assessment. Retrieved 19 February, 2011, from http://www.diet.com/store/facts/nutritional-assessment Ho. S Lee. S. ( 2011, March 18). Slow food culture on stress-city menu. The Standard, p. A4 Inge.K, Simon. S Wood. J (1999). Nutritional care of the patient: nurses’ knowledge and attitudes in an acute care setting. Journal of clinical nursing, 8, 217-224 Sharp CA McLawa M.L (2006). Estimating the risk of pressure ulcer development: it is truly evidence based?. International Wound Journal, 3(4), 344-353 Ulrika Soderhamn. Olle Soerhamn. (2008). A successiveful way for performing nutritional nursing assessment in older patients. Journal of clinical nursing, 18, 431-439 Vanderwee K, Clayse E, Bocquaert I, Verhaeghe S, Lardennois M, Gobert M Defloor T. (2010). Malnutritiona and nutritional care practices in hospital wards for older people. Journal of advanced nursing, 67(4), 736-746 Weber, J. Kelley, J. H. (2009). Health assessment in nursing. Philadephia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins Weekes, C. E, Spiro, A, Baldwin, C, Whelan, K, Thomas, J. E, Parkin, D Emery, P. W. (2009). A review of the evidence for the impact of improving nutritional care on nutritional and clinical outcomes and cost. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 22, 324-335 World Heart Federation (2005). Body Mass Index [Leaflet]. World Heart Day 2005 Leaflet How to cite Nutritional assessment- a vital component, Essay examples

User Based Personal Cloud Challenges and Research Trends

Question: Describe about the User Based Personal Cloud for Challenges and Research Trends. Answer: Introduction: The use of cloud computing is gradually increasing in the present time. The increased availability of the internet facilities and broad band services is helping the users to enjoy more the cloud computing services. In the past few decades cloud computing introduced lots of changes in the area of the computer software and hardware usage. Nowadays cloud computing is using in the daily life of the users. They are using the remote services of the cloud computing at their homes, at their offices, in their mobile devices (Tian, Song Huh, 2011). With the fast advancement in the handling, stockpiling advances and the accomplishment of the web, registering assets have turned out to be sensible, capable and comprehensively accessible than at any other time. Work force in organizations are attempting to discover techniques to cut expenses while keeping up a similar execution benchmarks. Their desires to develop have driven them to attempt new thoughts and techniques even under the companion we ight of constraining registering assets. This acknowledgment has empowered the realization of another model for processing called distributed computing, in which the assets are provided frame a remote server (Zissis Lekkas, 2012). With the developing reception of Service Oriented Architectures, the arrangement of Software as a Service and the administration of programming mists incorporating remote administrations are turning into a reality. In any case, at the present stage, the advantages for the individual client are restricted on the grounds that such mists don't deal with a setting subordinate synchronization of uses (Chen Zhao, 2012). In particular, the product cloud is imagined either as a stage offering a pre-characterized set of in part incorporated administrations, or as a structure which bolsters the summon of utilizations chipping away at independent information spaces; e.g., see the Amazon and Google stages, and the Gladinet one, separately. In this way, despite the fact that a few administrations offer corresponding capacities, they are gotten to as pretty much segregated applications, which can't give the client a brought together access to her/his business information and exercises. The increased use of the cloud computing services in the personal life of the common people has introduced the concept of the personal cloud platform (PCP). The Web Desktop oversaw inside a PCP must be a get to indicate a bound together environment offering integral capacities, rather than connecting separate applications and workspaces. A key element is hence the arrangement of bound together get to and mindfulness bolster over numerous coordinated efforts. In particular, the data about the group clients, the current coordinated effort bunches, and the occasions happening in such gatherings must be taken care of and introduced from the perspective of the individual clients (Shin, 2013). In this research paper, the trend of personal cloud from the service cloud has been analysed. The way of transforming the technology, the emerged popularity, various frameworks and technical aspects of the service cloud and personal cloud have been analyzed in this paper for understanding the challen ges and present research trends in this area. Literature Review: Introduction: In this section of this research paper, the articles and research papers of the previous researchers will be reviewed. The cloud computing is a popular topic of research work. The technology is getting updated and many new advantages and challenges are introducing in this platform. Many research works have been conducted in this area. The important factors identified by the previous researchers regarding the movement to personal cloud from the service cloud platform will be analyzed in this section. Cloud Service Models: According to McCarthy et al., (2015), cloud computing services are used for providing the on-demand network access to the computer resources. The resources consist of networks, storage, applications, servers and services. There are three models of the cloud computing services; Software as a Service (Saas), Platform as a Service (PaaS) and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). As per Yoo et al. (2013), the SaaS platform of the cloud computing platform provides the users some software applications to use on demand. The software applications are accessible from the users side through the web browsers. Sometimes it also uses some specific web based program feature for using the software applications. In this scheme the users are unaware about the infrastructure of the network used for using the application. The databases, server, operating systems, storage capacities all are unknown to the users in the SaaS cloud platform. The users are able to have a limited amount of abilities to handle the software applications. McCarthy et al. (2015) mentioned that the users of the PaaS cloud computing model are able to deploy onto the platform user-developed or acquired applications using libraries, services, programming languages and tools that are supported by the cloud provider. The network configuration, servers, operating systems and storage capacity or structures are still unknown to the users. According to Chen and Zhao (2012), the users are able to control over the storage, networks, operating systems and some of other fundamental computer resources while using the IaaS platform. The users can deploy operating systems and their applications software in this cloud computing model. However, the consumers are not able to control the underlying cloud infrastructure. Two vital components of cloud: Web Desktop and Web OS Web Desktop: A web desktop is also known as webtop, which is a desktop domain implanted in a web program or comparative customer application. A webtop incorporates web applications, web administrations, clientserver applications, application servers, and applications on the neighbourhood customer into a desktop domain utilizing the desktop representation. Web desktops give a situation like that of Windows, Mac, or a graphical UI on Unix and Linux frameworks. It is a virtual desktop running in a web program. In a webtop the applications, information, documents, design, settings, and get to benefits dwell remotely over the system (Mansour et al., 2016). A significant part of the processing happens remotely. The program is fundamentally utilized for show and info purposes. A virtual desktop is an individual UI's in a virtualized domain. The virtualized desktop is put away on a remote server instead of locally. Desktop virtualization framework is a product that isolates the physical machine from the product and presents a secluded working framework for clients. Desktop virtualization instruments incorporate Microsoft Virtual PC, VMware Workstation and Parallels Desktop for Mac. The advantages of include: Cost investment funds since assets can be shared and assigned on an as-required premise. More proficient utilization of assets and vitality. Enhanced information respectability since reinforcement is brought together. Concentrated organization. Less similarity issues. Information laborers who utilize for the most part business programming applications are great possibility for desktop virtualization. The model is not by and large suitable for clients with high asset requests. On a solitary host machine, a client may have isolate virtual desktops for var ious applications (Qiu et al., 2016). One desktop may include applications for visual communication, for instance, and another might highlight business applications. WEB OS: Web OS is outlined as a circulated framework. The Web OS system empowers another worldview for Internet administrations. Web OS objective is to give a stage which permits the client to profit by the computational potential offered by the Web. It's pointed is to make accessible to all destinations of the system assets to execute calculations for which nearby assets are absent. The part of a Web OS hub is a framework, a receptive framework reacting to demands from clients or framework. A Web OS-hub coordinates client, server, and applications. It is equipped for giving an arrangement of administrations, which can pass on to each different solicitations when proper (Moiso Minerva, 2012). Once more, as a result of Web is powerfully changing, there exist a few stockrooms that connected with the Web OS hub give the vital data and segments for meeting asked for administrations. Every Web OS hub is utilizing its own particular distribution centers to store and persistently redesign data about the hub and accessible administrations and assets. A Web OS is a Web-based application that imitates the application abilities of a working framework. It's essentially a virtual desktop that gives client specialized instruments (like email), efficiency apparatuses (like word preparing) and capacity to play diversions and whatever other application that client would discover on a normal OS like Microsoft Windows. However, that is not all - a Web OS ought to be an expandable stage (simply like Windows) that gives engineers the correct apparatuses (like APIs) to grow new applications and include new utilities. Web OS is system based administration where a client can get to the framework through system. It is a presentation of at least one working framework in the classification of Web working frameworks. Web OS was presented as an imagined that one may have the capacity to play with application, store information, for sharing on the web from anyplace (Wang Wang, 2014). So a Web OS does. Today Web OS are equipped for putting away expans ive measure of information as substantial as 30 GB. Client can share applications while using the Web OS platform in the cloud technlogy. Personal Cloud: Shin (2013) said that the personal cloud is the set of content, services, application or tools that users assemble for fulfilling the requirements of their digital lifestyle over any device. Each of the personal clouds is different and evolving, the requirements may change frequently and the vendors and products may come and go frequently. Continued upheaval and challenges may found from the blending of personal and corporate digital tools and information within the lifestyle of each user. Personal cloud is getting emerged popularity as it shapes the way of operate the digital life of each of the individual users. According to McCarthy et al. (2015), the personal cloud could be shaped by two key trends increased intelligence application and access to the personal information applied for user specific digital life. The Personal cloud platform (PCP) display underpins the administration of individual mists offering a fundamental arrangement of capacities to be extended by incorporating the business administrations, required by the objective group of clients. The engineering of the PCP depends on the synchronization of an arrangement of segments supporting the meaning of the action circles and the bound together administration of the mindfulness data. Huang, Xing and Wu (2013) stated about four types of personal clouds; they are online cloud, server device cloud, NAS device cloud and home-made clouds. Important Factors of Personal Cloud: According to Kao et al. (2013), while developing a environment for the personal cloud, then the below mentioned two factors need to considered with high priority. The first one is about the viewpoint of the user. The development of the personal cloud should be beneficial for the users. In more simple words, the users should be able to fulfil the requirements of handling all the required applications in any device by using the personal cloud architecture. The requirements of different users vary over the requirements of the personal workspace. Therefore, while developing the cloud platform it is necessary to support all the requirements of the particular user by considering all the requirements. Another important fact which needs to be considered is the collaboration of the network within the cloud platform. More clearly, the cloud platform should support the team work perspective. In the present time, most of the IT related works are done with help of effective level of teamwork. In the cloud platform, the web desktop will be the front face of all kinds of IT related activities (Casa et al., 2013). In this context, the cloud platform should support an effective level of teamwork, where the team members will be connected to the cloud system via a shared network. Pearson and Tsiavos (2014) also mentioned regarding the above two factors and said that these perspectives can be managed keeping the web desktop as the front end of the system while organizing back end environment by synchronizing all the required applications in shared context. According to Mansour et al. (2016), personal clouds are used for managing the users activities within the world of information technology. In this context, he said about a user-centric awareness support. According to this concept, in a personal cloud platform, all the applications should be synchronized with the specific activity spheres. Furthermore, the each of the applications should use, or import the user group associated to the spheres. This structure may ensure that the users will not require to change the architecture frequently with the change of the requirements regarding the applications. The spheres could be used in broader meaning with collaboration of different types of needs. This was suggeste d in context of the business requirements, where the users are wanted to use the personal cloud platform (Qiu et al., 2016). The visibility and scope of the personal cloud used in the workspace can be enhanced with the efficient use of the spheres. Framework and Models of Personal Cloud: SynCFr synchronizes heterogeneous administrations and applications in a mutual setting. The synchronization is accomplished by presenting the Coordination Middleware as a go-between which underpins an approximately coupled connection between programming parts, in light of the Shared DataSpace show. SynCFr can be utilized to incorporate heterogeneous administrations and applications in light of Web APIs, REST and WSDL/SOAP interfaces. For example, it can be abused to make Web Services in procedures, as in Service Oriented Computing. Also, it underpins the coordination of occasion based Web applications as for the client's activities (Moiso Minerva, 2012). The system is created in Java and the Coordination Middleware abuses GigaSpaces for the administration of the Cross-Application Context and for the membership based proliferation of occasions among programming segments. GigaSpaces is exceedingly versatile and it bolsters the proliferation of information things as per the Linda tuple space display. Being Java-based, it deals with the engendering of serializable articles, which can store complex data things. As portrayed in, SynCFr offers an arrangement of skeleton classes for the advancement of the CIs. In any case, the overseer of nature is solicited to compose the pieces from code expected to build up the association and to cooperate with the wrapped parts. This code relies on upon the sort of API offered by the segments. For example, some business applications offer APIs which can be summoned once to get all the created occasions of the predefined sort; different applications must be surveyed by their customers (Wang Wang, 2014). The PCP parts synchronize by sharing, through their CIs, the setting data accessible in the Cross Application Context. For this reason, at individual cloud setup time, every segment needs to subscribe for the sorts of occasions expected to complete its own exercises. At runtime, the parts need to distribute the occasions concerning the setting data to be imparted to alternate applications. The spread of setting data underpins both the sharing of general information, for example, the meanings of the action circles, and the administration of complex operations inside the individual cloud, potentially including the execution of procedures to which a few segments take an interest (Snchez et al., 2012). For example, the information jumbles among applications are tended to as takes after: the Data Mediator subscribes for the occasions concerning the information things to be deciphered, applies the fitting interpretation leads and distributes the deciphered renditions. Thus, the application s inspired by such forms need to subscribe for them. As another case, the creation and the amendment of an action circle is overseen as takes after. The Group Manager communicates by means of User Interface with the client to recover the name of the circle and the rundown of welcomed individuals. At that point, it distributes such data in the Cross-Application Context, as a participation Proposal (amass Name, client Names) occasion, where client Names indicates the individuals to be welcomed. The Survey Manager is subscribed to participation Proposal occasions. When it gets an occasion of this sort, it begins a study went for requesting that the included clients acknowledge or dismiss the welcome. In the interim, it distributes a participation Survey (bunch Name, client Names) occasion in the Cross-Application Context, as a bit of mindfulness data to be passed on to such clients (Tsai et al., 2015). The Notification Manager is subscribed to all overview related occasions and along t hese lines likewise to the enrollment Survey ones. When it gets the occasion, it informs the included clients that they need to answer a review (by getting to the User Interface of the Survey Manager). The Survey Manager gathers the client answers and after that distributes them in the Cross-Application Context as an arrangement of participation Survey Answer(group Name, User Name, reply) occasions. The Group Manager is subscribed to the enrolment Survey Answer occasions. Therefore, it recovers the client's answers from the specific situation and distributes the circle arrangement as a made group (gather Name, part List) occasion. Inside the individual cloud, the applications sharing or bringing in the movement circles need to subscribe to the made Group occasions with a specific end goal to be informed at whatever point the circle definitions change (Grob Schill, 2012). The individual cloud can be reached out with outer administrations by incorporating their setting data in the Cr oss-Application Context, gave that such administrations offer APIs supporting the entrance to their business information. The administrations can be either new created ones, or existing, and potentially heterogeneous ones. The Notification Manager has a focal part in the arrangement of the brought together mindfulness bolster. Truth be told, the reception of an intervened way to deal with the mindfulness bolster empowers the presentation of particular strategies for the conveyance and the presentation of data to the client. At the present improvement arrange, the Notification Manager amasses the notices for a client by movement circle and it presents them in a HTML page supporting the route of perhaps a lot of data. For every circle, the surge of warnings is exhibited as a HTML page supporting distinctive pursuit criteria (by date, and so on., like the presentation of email messages) (Pearson Tsiavos, 2014). In addition, the pages concerning distinctive circles are sorted out as tabs, so that the client can undoubtedly switch among them. Advantages and Challenges associated with the Personal Cloud: The basic advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of the cloud computing systems are analyzed in this section. A cloud OS is not easy to actualize. There are two explanations behind this. To begin with, the sheer size of the cloud framework pushes as far as possible. Few organizations have had the experience of overseeing such a major foundation, and the cloud suppliers are compelled to fabricate new arrangements from the beginning. For instance, Google composed Big Table to store a lot of semi organized information. So also, Amazon composed Dynamo to oversee stockpiling and assembled their own administration framework to bolster their Web administrations API. Second, a cloud must be vigorous and adaptable on the grounds that it is intended to be shared by hundreds or a great many individuals rather than only a couple of clients on a PC. A few points of interest are as per the following: Need not to introduce OS No hard drive with more memory No outer hard plate No one p rogramming to be introduced No circumstances misfortune to introduce programming No additional charge to purchase programming Software to be redesigned most recent form dependably Piracy diminished No crash any product One kind of programming will be utilized at once (like media player, either vlc or wmp) No product will be shared by duplicate among clients Always efficient to direct utilize application programming No convey tablet from home to work environment Online Backup (Mansour et al., 2016). The major disadvantages of using the personal cloud platform for the different types of personal data are as follows. There is dependably to be on the web, while using the open platform of the personal cloud. In case of loss of internet connectivity, important personal information may get hampered. Another major risk associated with this technology is the shutdown of the remote server. If the personal cloud is operated over a cloud server, then the total handling of the personal data is still dependent on the status of the server. If the server unexpectedly shutdown, then the control of the operations may gone. A modern framework for personal cloud development Casas et al., (2013) have stated that BIGLOBE process for developing the personal cloud system. As per the below mentioned figures the cloud device is one of the big concept of a terminal those are basically creates integration between communication functions and other related services. Basically, Personal computers and mobile phones are used as terminal to accessing the internet and it is depends upon users for the selection of usage scenarios. Generally a desktop personal computer is fixes at home and note book PCs are not appropriate enough to carry for usage. It is depends upon the selection of the users and also have to use proper network access as per their appropriate location. On the other hand, mobile phone is a one of the suitable terminal for carrying all around. However, it is screen that a perfect tool is always plays a better in terms of sharing information and database. It is also found that to resolve the issue, BIGLOBE has been planned to provide a perfect cloud plat form which can easily allows the terminals in both the places indoor and outdoor without interrupting system and error free system for users. Figure 1: Personal cloud development (Source: Casas et al., 2013) The characteristics of personal cloud development are following in nature: 7 to 10 inches touch panel screen and also on screen keyboard Flexibility in switching system over various communication systems. Higher amount of expandability to achieve by using open technologies. There are mainly planned to featured this product with size of touch panel screen must be smaller than a notebook PC system but it should be larger than a portable mobile phone. The Inbuilt on screen keyboard is initiated as an input device in terms of user displays as per the necessity. The cloud devices are basically designed as to use as a photo frame in home with the support of users desk and mobile device when users are using from outside. There are second most important feature related to this system has been realized that it is easier to use and there are several system which can be automatically utilised as a application for the selection of various communication environments. These applications are generally indoor wireless LAN, outdoor public wireless LAN, 3G network and WiMAX. These functions are offered by BIGLOBE under their auto connect services. The main procedure for the users to register through their authorised user ID to use this services and mainly people can easily access the most suitable network in terms of network communication and switches to the different networks. Lastly the 3rd most important feature for this system is the flexibility and expandability of the provided devices and offered applications included in this cloud system for daily usage and it can be easily installed and user friendly cloud device. The android which is one of the open source application is considered as software platform for the mobile phones which is employed accordingly. The cloud device is basically planned eventually to accommodate several kind of services on internet surface. However, these services are considered as a beginning of the process. A Popular personal cloud trend: Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) In the area of the personal cloud computing, the use of cloud technology through the mobile devices is the most useful one. The expression "mobile cloud computing" was presented not long after the idea of "cloud computing" propelled in mid-2007. It has been pulling in the considerations of business visionaries as a beneficial business alternative that diminishes the advancement and running expense of versatile applications, of portable clients as another innovation to accomplish rich experience of an assortment of versatile administrations effortlessly, and of specialists as a promising answer for green IT (Kao et al., 2013). This area gives an outline of MCC including definition, engineering, and points of interest of MCC. Versatile distributed computing is a blend of portable figuring, distributed computing and portable Internet. It can be expressed as accessibility of distributed computing offices in the portable environment. It incorporates the benefits of all the three advances and can in this way be called as distributed computing for mobiles. Versatile distributed computing is another model where the information handling and capacity is moved from cell phones to intense and unified registering stages situated in mists. These stages can then be gotten to through remote associations by means of web programs on the cell phones. This is like distributed computing, however the customer side has changed to make it reasonable for cell phones, yet the fundamental idea driving it is still distributed computing. Versatile distributed computing can be essentially separated into distributed computing and portable processing. Portable clients send benefit solicitations to the cloud through a web program or de sktop application, then the administration part of cloud distributes assets to the demand to build up association, while the checking and ascertaining elements of versatile distributed computing will be actualized to guarantee the QoS until the association is finished (Huang, Xing Wu, 2013). Flexible cloud applications move the figuring power and data stockpiling a long way from PDAs and into the cloud, bringing applications and compact preparing to not just propelled cell phone customers but instead an a great deal more broad extent of adaptable endorsers. In this area, the conceivable advantages of Mobile Cloud Computing have been analyzed. Versatile Cloud Computing will beat confinements of cell phones specifically of the preparing force and information stockpiling. It likewise may expand the battery life by moving the execution of replacement serious application to the cloud. Versatile Cloud Computing is additionally observed as a potential answer for the divided market of portable working frameworks with as of now eight noteworthy working frameworks (Pearso Tsiavos, 2014). Adaptable Cloud Computing can construct security level for PDAs fulfilled by a united watching and upkeep of programming, It can in like manner transform into a one-quit shopping elective for cus tomers of phones since Mobile Cloud Operators can in the meantime go about as virtual framework heads, give e-portion advantages, and give programming, data stockpiling, et cetera as an organization. Different new specific functionalities might be given by flexible fogs. In particular, provisioning of setting and zone care engages personalization of organizations is an engaging helpfulness. Adaptable Cloud Computing may open the conveyed registering business that is starting now exclusively tending to associations to customers since they will out and out benefit by the above delineated decisions (Chen Zhao, 2012). But a couple of exercises of adaptable disseminated registering has starting now been passed on far and wide, there is still far for business use, and some investigation points should be considered in further work. Data movement: Due to the part of advantage constrains, mobile phones have potential challenges in cloud getting to, dependable getting to, data transmission, and so forth. Such challenges can be understood using: unprecedented application (organization) and focus item (give a phase to all versatile circulated registering systems). B. Undertaking division: Researchers separate assignments (applications) from mobile phones into various sub-errands and pass on some of them to continue running in cloud, which is a conventional response for the benefit limited PDAs. Regardless, we don't have a perfect method or figuring on the most ideal approach to segregate these errands, which one should be set up by cloud and which one by contraptions (Shin, 2013). Better organization: The principal inspiration driving compact dispersed registering is giving PC-cherished organizations to flexible terminals. Nevertheless, as the current differing parts between mobile phones and PCs, we can't particularly transplant the organizations from PCs stage to PDAs. Thusly, furthermore inquire about should endeavour to Identify the strategy on the most ideal approach to give sensible and sincere keen organizations for mobile phones (McCarthy et al., 2015). Standard interface : The present interface between mobile phones and cloud relies on upon web interfaces. These interfaces are not planned for the PDAs and thusly pass on monstrous overheads. In like manner, similitude among phones may be an issue. To beat this imperfection, a standard tradition and interface ought to be sketched out (Huang, Xing Wu, 2013). Nature of organization : The primary goal of adaptable appropriated registering is to give PC-like organizations on the mobile phones. Since, there are an alternate components existing among PCs and PDAs, we can't clearly move the organizations from the PC's phase to mobile phones. Besides, customers may go up against postponement in correspondence with the cloud in light of obstruct due to transmission limit hindrance, organize division and banner debilitating (Pearson Tsiavos, 2014). Trustworthiness, security, and assurance: Trust is a fundamental component for the accomplishment of the growing MCC perspective. Building a trustworthy, secure environment is a great challenge while developing the interface between the user end and service provider end (over remote and wired frameworks). Provisioning safety and giving data reliability and trustworthiness other than passing on essential organizations (e.g. constantly on accessibility and cloud service provider organizations) over the diverse circled structures, remote frameworks, and the web need novel lightweight methodologies (Mansour et al., 2016). The essential focus of flexible dispersed processing is to provide an accommodating and faster methodology for customers to data transfer in the cloud platform, such invaluable and snappy procedure infers getting to circulated figuring resources suitably by using mobile phones. The genuine trial of compact conveyed processing starts from the characters of mobile devices, and their own specific control and limitation, and this kind of test makes application arranging, programming and sending on adaptable and appropriated devices more confounded than on the settled cloud contraptions. 1) Some boundaries of using mobile phones: While discussing use of mobile phones in cloud the chief thing is resource force. In spite of the way that best in class cell phones have been upgraded obviously in various edges, for instance, capacity of CPU and memory, stockpiling, size of screen, remote correspondence, distinguishing development, and operation systems, still have real hindrances, for instance, compelled figuring limit and essentialness resource, to send convoluted applications. By emerge from PCs and Laptops in a given condition, these propelled cells like iPhone, Android serials, Windows Mobile serials reduce 3 times in taking care of farthest point, 8 times in memory, 5 to 10 times away breaking point and 10 times in framework information exchange limit (Huang, Xing Wu, 2013). 2) Quality of correspondence: Then again with wired framework uses physical relationship with assurance transmission limit consistency, the data move rate in compact dispersed processing environment is continually hinting at change and the affiliation is unpredictable in view of the present elbowroom in framework overlay. In addition, server cultivate in extensive wander and resource in Internet expert community consistently is far away to end customers, especially to phone customers. In remote framework, the framework inertness deferral may 200 ms in ?last mile? however only 50 ms in standard wired framework (Pearson Tsiavos, 2014). 3) Division of utilization organizations: In versatile disseminated processing environment, in view of the issue of compelled resources, a couple employments of enlist genuine and data heightened can't be passed on in phones, or they may consume gigantic essentialness resources. In this way, we have to parcel the applications and use the point of confinement of disseminated figuring to achieve those reasons, which is: the middle enrolling task is taken care of by cloud, and those PDAs are responsible for some direct endeavours so to speak (Moiso Minerva, 2012). In this taking care of, the main problems impacting execution of versatile dispersed registering are: data get ready in server ranch and phone, sort out handover deferral, and data movement time. Present Research and Development Trends: In the recent few years the cloud computing technology faced huge changes and growths. The IT infrastructure, application software and frameworks all have been updated and new development techniques have arrived in the world of cloud computing technology. The trend of personal cloud using personal cloud has become very popular due to the advance facilities of managing the personal applications and data. As per Mansour et al. (2016), after 5 years, the personal cloud may replace the personal computers. The higher level of flexibilities in the personal cloud platform is the main reason behind the changing trend of cloud computing development trends towards the personal cloud development. One of the key trends of research and development activities associated with this area is the security issues. One of the main challenges that are bothering the users of the personal cloud is the security issues. Without proper security frameworks, a personal cloud model may be too dangerous in terms o f data privacy and confidentiality issues. The major concerns in this area are Data Security, Access, Transfer, Integrity, Segregation, Network Security, Authorization and Authentication, Application security, availability and backup. Open Research Challenges: In spite of an awesome achievement and prominence of the personal cloud computing the suppliers, designers, and buyers must consider issues, difficulties or dangers of cloud worldview which incorporates client information protection and security, benefit accessibility, execution, versatility, recuperation, vitality effectiveness and programmability to exploit distributed computing. The examination issues, difficulties, or dangers significantly incorporates: Automated Resource Provisioning, Server Consolidation, Virtualization and Virtual Machine Migrations, Security, and Software Development Frameworks. Automated Resource Provisioning How to highlight cloud with on-request rent and arrival of physical assets? How to arrangement assets in blaze swarm impact? These inquiries addresses the difficulties of QoS. The two generally utilized methodologies are: expectation, and response (receptive approach). In forecast approach, the application execution model is anticipated at every specific level as far as application examples; and in light of the expectation demonstrate, the assets are designated. In any case, in response or receptive approach of asset provisioning, assets are designated and de-assigned instantly as per request variances. What's more, both these methodologies force necessities on this element working environment. The change in these methodologies is an incredible research challenge to arrangement assets precisely according to needs. Server Consolidation How to augment the asset use with least vitality utilization? As indicated by (), Managing VP, Stamford, CT USA, servers in many organizations keep running at 15-20% of their ability. Furthermore, to cut superfluous expenses, and boost rate of return (ROI), out of 518 respondents in a Gartner Group Research think about 6% had led a server combination extend, 61% were right now leading one, and 28% were wanting to do as such in adjacent future. Server sprawl is a circumstance in which various underused servers take up more measure of figuring, space and power, and in this way expend a larger number of assets than can be legitimized by their workload. To avoid server sprawl, server solidification concentrates on the diminishment of the quantity of physical assets utilized as a part of cloud foundation by uniting load utilizing virtual advances and improving their usage. The virtualization system of physical assets (e.g. Live VM relocation) is frequently used to merge VMs living on nume rous underutilized servers on to a solitary server, in order to spare vitality. The server union issue is regularly figured with the vector canister pressing issue, which falls in the classification of NP hard enhancement issue. Likewise the server union (e.g. the correspondence among virtual machine) ought not influence the application execution and servers should likewise be responsive to clog. Virtual Machine Migration Virtualization innovation empowers the decoupling of the application payload from the fundamental physical equipment and gives virtualized assets to larger amount applications. The innovation additionally gives the capacity to relocate virtual machines (VMs) between the physical frameworks and enhances the reaction time, and decreases the quantity of physical frameworks. Virtual Machine relocation is the way toward moving a virtual machine starting with one host or capacity area then onto the next. By and large, a virtual machine running on a virtual server comprises of an arrangement record and at least one information documents (virtual hard circle documents, and other media documents) . Virtual machine relocations can be sorted to the accompanying two fundamental classifications: Cold Migration: A fueled off or suspended virtual machine is made to move starting with one host then onto the next with or without development of capacity or information. Hot or live Migration: It alludes to the way toward moving a running virtual machine or application between various physical machines without disengaging the customer or application. Memory, stockpiling, and system network of virtual machines are exchanged from the first host machines to the goal. At the point when the down time of a VM amid live relocation is not observable by the end clients, it is called as consistent live movement. Security As discussed previously, the security is one of the major trends of the present research and development activities. It is because this is one of the greatest challenges of the overall cloud computing technology. Diverse methods of information exchange and correspondence implies (e.g. satellite correspondence) may need to consider. Tremendous measure of information exchange is a typical reckoning in a cloud domain, the correspondence innovation utilized alongside the security worries of the adjusted correspondence innovation likewise turns into a security sympathy toward the distributed computing approach. The communicate way of some correspondence innovation is a centre worry in such manner (Celesti, Fazio, Villari and Puliafito, 2012). Cloud environment is connected with both physical and virtual assets and they posture diverse level of security issues having no modern verification instrument to completely address the security dangers is a current issue for distributed computing. It has for the most part brought about the circumstances where framework figuring has been taken as an inserted some portion of distributed computing (Casola, Cuomo, Rak and Villano, 2013). As the virtualized assets are exceedingly combined with a cloud foundation, interruption related security concerns are of most extreme need as a feature of security issues. The wide move to versatile processing rehearses as of late has made it basic to incorporate mobile device uses and its related advances as a fundamental fact of the personal cloud using. Asset shortage and also different imperatives of versatile figuring is hindrances to distributed computing. The request of immense information preparing is an issue for mobile end-client gadgets which has been further supplemented by the security worries of versatile distributed computing. For versatile distributed computing, the gadget level constraints has motivated scientists to propose the consideration of another level of cloud named as 'portable cloud' to help the handling of the particular figuring and preparing for versatile processing gadgets (Fernando, Loke and Rahayu, 2013). Conclusion: Cloud computing is an advance and beneficial technology in the world of the whole information technology. The technology has changed the environment of the use of the information technology in the business purpose as well as in the personal life of the common people. At present, the common people has dependent on the internet technology for many operations lie communication, schedule maintaining etc. In this context, the use of cloud computing technology is very popular and useful. Recently the trend of using personal cloud has increased than the service cloud. The main reason behind is the benefits regarding handling the personal data in the cloud computing platform. This paper has exhibited the Personal Cloud Platform (PCP) for the administration of client focused administration mists, which is characterized as individual mists. Not quite the same as a standard administration cloud, an individual cloud offers a brought together point of view on the client's exercises, over all the cloud applications, and every one of her/his coordinated efforts. This is accomplished by supporting the meaning of worldwide joint effort bunches and by comprehensively dealing with the mindfulness bolster in respect to the action circles the client is included in. In this paper, the distributed computing worldview has been analyzed from different perspectives, and gives basic bits of knowledge into the key advancements and additionally investigate headings. As the improvement of distributed computing worldview is still in early stages, for better comprehension of the outline difficulties and late advancement drifts in distributed computing worldview is being talked about, which will prepare for further research around there. At present, the cloud computing technology has enlarged the usability of the mobile devices, the users are able to organize and handle their requirements in a customized way. Standard Interface, quality of administration, trust, security and protection issues are the major challenges of using the personal cloud technology. Sending a viable flexible application division system is considered to be the best answer for assurance the application benefit in MCC; its confused, yet encouraging high effect comes about. After conducting the research study on the movement of the cloud computing technology towards more customer centric personal cloud from the service cloud, it has been found that personal cloud is providing lots of extra advantages to the users. Most of the people of the modern world are trying to use the personal cloud technology for their daily office related jobs and some other applications categorizing in their own way. However, while developing the personal cloud platform, the selection of the technology is very important. At present most of the applications are developing using the java programming code in the backend. While developing the platform for the personal cloud platform, the platform must be flexible with the requirements of the users. Because, the requirements of the users change frequently. It may not be possible to change the design of the platform depending on the requirements of the users. 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The Greek Financial Crisis free essay sample

Ever since the end of 2009, Greece has been involved in a financial and economic crisis that has been record breaking and shattered world records in terms of its severity and worldwide effects. The Greek government, since the beginning of the crisis, has attempted to take several governmental measures to try and â€Å"stop the bleeding,† including economy policy changes, dramatic government spending and budget cuts and the implementation of new taxes for citizens. In addition to this, the government has tried to alter the perceptions of Greek government and economy by the rest of the world in an effort to appear both more liberal and more democratic. Greece has also been working to privatize many previous state-owned corporations in a desperate effort to stabilize the currency and the economy. This paper will address the various actions taken to date by the Greek government to pull the country out of this terrible crisis, and will explore the specific factors that were causation for this horrible financial crisis. We will write a custom essay sample on The Greek Financial Crisis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is important to note that certain policies and government actions and their success is merely subject to personal opinion, but financial data and statistics is absolute and cannot be disputed regardless of personal or political beliefs. In May of 2010, Greece was awarded a 110 billion euro bailout from both the European Union and the International Monetary Fund. This bailout was effective only in the sense that it prevented Greece from defaulting on country debts and loans, which would have had catastrophic ripple effects on not only the Greek and European markets, but on the global markets including the United States and Asian economies. Soon after this bailout was executed, it became evidently clear to both the EU and the IMF that more money would be needed in order for Greece’s survival and for their long road to economic recovery. With that being said, a second bailout worth 109 billion Euro was given to Greece again by the EU and the IMF in late July of 2011. Of course, these bailouts have been the subject of a tremendous volume of worldwide media attention. These bailouts, along with the privatization of corporations, policy changes, capital injections and governmental changes have been implemented in hope that positive progress will be achieved. The media has successfully painted these reforms as containment methods for this huge mess, and as means of ensuring that this infected economy does as little damage as possible to other economies in the world. Some country-specific economies that are particularly unstable and thus at risk of damage from the Greek crisis are Italy, Ireland, Portugal and Spain. Although the Greek economy has received, by far, the most media attention for economic difficulties, these other four nations are experiencing serious economic problems of their own. It appears that this was a major motivating factor behind the two bailouts, that it is vitally important to contain the damage before it spreads to these other vulnerable nations, something that the European Union simply cannot afford to have happen. In the words of economic experts, â€Å"Greece is just the tip of the iceberg,† and that the economies of EU nations are more intertwined and interdependent than we would have hoped. Given that EU countries share the same currency, the Euro, continuously trade with one another, and hold massive debts for one another, this opens the EU as a whole up to tremendous vulnerability. Essentially, if Greece or any other EU nation defaults on debts, this could send the entire EU into a recession and put the banking system as a whole at risk, much like what happened in the United States in 2008. The goal of these capital injections and bailouts is for Greece to remain financially liquid for enough time to pay their outstanding debts as much has possible to neighbor countries, thus reducing the amount of government debts owed and the interconnected pressure on the entire EU to continue to bail out Greece. If Greece is able to pay back a significant enough portion of their debts, in the event that they do default on some of them, it may still be able to be contained and not infect the rest of Europe with a recession. As far as Greece’s role in creating this crisis in the first place, it can be said that Greece is at fault for a variety of reasons. The media has been focusing on the corrupt political system and infrastructure, the lack of competition in the private sector, the wastefulness and inefficiency of the public sector and a flawed tax system as causation for this mess. When the public sector was expanded in the 1980’s, Andreas Papandreou was given various agricultural subsidies and grants to do with what he pleased. This enabled the funding of certain post-World War II groups to heal political wounds and fund unions and other special interest groups to aid his political capital and strength. The policies enacted in this decade allowed for the increase in power and funding of the middle class by creating a vast amount of inefficient public sector government jobs for citizens. This resulted in an increase in the levels of inefficiency, bureaucracy, corruption and wasteful spending coupled with the increase in wages, pensions and benefits. This proceeded to drain through government money and resources, and did not breed a culture of highly motivated, efficient and effective government employees. A high amount of debts accumulated as the nation continued to proceed in this way, using state money to subsidize failing businesses and to finance the continued expansion of the public sector. Papandreou is continuously criticized for the creation of such a wasteful and inefficient public sector, and this is a primary reason for the economic struggles that Greece is facing today. Debt continued to build, and inefficiency continued to increase rapidly. Another important factor to discuss is the massive amounts of de-industrialization that occurred in Greece during the 1980s. This means that labor was outsourced to different countries outside of the European Union where labor costs were significant cheaper, in an attempt to reduce expense margins. Instead of investing in a strong public sector, Papandreou poured money into the private sector that was clearly diminishing in relation to other countries. As a result of this, the public sector continued to expand as a compensation method for the failing private sector. This resulted in the creation of a socialist culture in Greece, causing more and more debt to buildup to an alarming level. This wastefulness and inefficiency in the extremely large public was simply adding fuel to the fire that would come back to hurt the nation several years later, as we can see. As the level of national debt and borrowing was increasing, it can be said that the bubble began to burst in the early 2000s when the Euro was adopted in Greece. This provided Greece with an opportunity to capitalize on very low interest rates, declining from roughly 20% in the early 1990s to roughly 3. 2% in 2005. This fueled the fire in the sense of the borrowing culture that had already been in place in the Greek government for decades, as they continued to accrue an alarming amount of national debt, a terrible liability for any nation to carry. These billions of euros of debt continued to rise, and can be considered a very important factor in the current economic crisis that is occurring as a result of decades of wasteful spending and ineffective currency control by the government. Another important factor to consider when analyzing the specific reasons for Greek’s current financial crisis is the highly corrupt political system that exists in the country. Corruption and bribery play a role in Greece’s outstanding level of national debt. According to statistics, the Greek government has lost roughly 8% of GDP each year as a direct result to these unethical practices. According to the Brookings Institute, â€Å"if Greece had better control of their government corruption, it would have had a smaller budget deficit by 4% of GDP. † This fascinating data shows that the practices of this corrupt government actually contributed to Greek’s staggering amount of debt coupled with their incremental declines in GDP levels. On the topic of governmental corruption, there are two key scandals worthy of mention that clearly have contributed to the current economic turmoil Greece is currently facing. The first scandal is the Koskotas Affair, and occurred during the Papandreou administration. Mr. Koskotas was the owner of the Bank of Crete. In this scandal, he was convicted and charged with the embezzlement of $200 million dollars. In the following coverage of the scandal, it was revealed that Papandreou’s’ administration had asked for large deposits to be transferred from other banks into the Bank of Crete at a lower-than-legal interest rate. The profits from these transfers were given to the government and political parties. Although Papandreou was indicted for involvement, he was acquitted and justice was never served. This hurt both the economy and the morale of Greek citizens. The second scandal worthy of mention is the Siemens case. The executive team of Siemens paid out several million Euros in the form of bribes to several Greek politicians from the late 1990s to the early 2000s. These bribes were paid in return for the securing of government contracts in wide variety industries. The politicians involved into offshore accounts laundered the money. The two major political parties in Greece were both involved, and Siemens was fined over $1 billion dollars by the US government for its involvement in these crimes. These two massive scandals successfully illustrate the level of corruption in the Greek government, and the unethical practices that were adopted by both parties in order to remain in power. Unfortunately, in Greece it is very difficult to prosecute and charge corrupt political figures. Many politicians simply get away with the crimes they commit because their peers are not interested in prosecuting them given the immunity they are given as per the Greek Constitution. According to statistical data, no Greek minister has gone to jail since the 1970s showing Greece’s unwillingness to sentence and prosecute corrupt politicians. Obviously, this poses problems related to national accountability and furthers the distrust of the Greek government by both the citizens of Greece and by other nations in the EU and worldwide. The culture and nature of the Greek government seems to be very conducive to the acceptance of bribes, and the funding of certain special interest groups that are likely to benefit the government in some questionable way. It has been said that Andreas Papandreou created certain government jobs for the sole purpose of his own personal gains. Politicians who are running for office make all sorts of outlandish promises to different groups in order to receive support, with no intentions of actually carrying out the promises. Also, the immunity from prosecution clauses in Greek law has increased politician’s levels of recklessness. This immunity prevents politicians and executive-level government officials from prosecution for any crimes committed. This is an extremely dangerous provision in the law, because there are virtually no accountability standards and has shown to lead to aggressive and self-serving policy decisions that have had drastically negative impacts on the country and the economy. To reflect on the government style and roots of Greece, the country has been described as having â€Å"one foot in the West, and another in the East. † The country has been a synthesizing point for democracy, but ironically does not seem to display the necessary integrity and self-correction methods that are essential for the functionality of a democracy. In the words of Manolopoulous, the country â€Å"has never had a Western-style reformation, nor the development of a large middle class, nor the emergence of conservative and liberal philanthropy that developed in Western and Northern Europe and also North America. † This goes to show that while Greece has been perceived and thought of by others as a Westernized nation, it is not that simple. The inefficiency of the public sector is a recurring problem in this discussion because of its severity and enormous impact on the financial crisis that Greece is currently facing. The public sector has been characterized and defined as being â€Å"statist. † This essentially describes an environment in the country where public sector jobs are preferred as opposed to private or other types of jobs. This belief that is held by a majority of Greek citizens has been a key contributor to the inefficient and unproductive bureaucracy of government jobs and positions. This mindset also prevents Greece’s private sector from reaching its potential, and does nothing to reduce unemployment. This mindset is held partly because public sector jobs offer the things that private sector jobs cannot, including a generous pension, a pre-determined retirement age and incremental pay increases as time goes by. This creates a sense of job security, which is desired by all as part of human nature. Job security is not a bad thing, but problems clearly arise when an entire country has become dependent on the continued influx of meaningless government jobs. Individuals who work in the public sector statistically make more, on average, than those who work in the private sector. There is currently no statistical data that supports a link between worker productivity, job satisfaction and overall motivation to pay grade. This lack of an incentivized program that encourages employees to work hard is perhaps one of the biggest roots of the problem. The increases in public sector wages and pensions reached almost 9% in 2008. Even as the country’s economy continues to sink farther and farther into historic territory, jobs are not being cut and employees are continuing to receive excellent pay and benefits for their relatively meaningless low-end government positions. Another problem with Greek’s public sector is the early retirement age of 58. When an employee retires at this age, they are given a full pension and in most cases, continuing benefits for a generous period of time. To put this in perspective, the average retirement rate in the rest of the European Union is 63. This over-generous system is a major drainer of government funds. According to statistics, the pensions given to an average public-sector employee can reach up to 98% of their original salary right before retirement. The final point presented is the nearly complete level of job security within the public sector. Due to a high amount of policies and regulations about termination, it is extremely difficult for one to lose their job unless a major mistake has been made. That being said, it seems as if an overly comfortable work force has been created. There must be some degree of threat of job loss in order to motivate employees to put forth their best effort each and every day. According to Manolopoulos, there are numerous sources that display the extremely low competitiveness of the Greek economy. This is the next factor that can be discussed to illustrate the problems responsible for the current economic meltdown. According to this data, â€Å"the burden of administration in Greece is abnormally high, the degree of regulation is excessive, and the amount of competition is severely limited due to tremendous government intervention. † Also, it is shown that Greece rarely is a center of foreign investment, in relation to other nations in the European Union. It does not take an expert to determine that the Greek government and economic environment is not desirable enough for foreign nations to engage with. Since 2009, there have been more than 1,400 companies formerly with headquarters in Greece who have relocated to other nations. Currently, 20% of Greece businesses are failing or will fail at some point in the coming months. These staggering statistics go to show that these philosophies are more than conceptual, and there are actual statistics to illustrate the severity of the problems. With regard to taxation, the Greek tax system is highly progressive. A progressive tax system is a system where the smallest proportion of the population, the wealthiest individuals, pays the highest taxes. In Greece, this is the case, and in fact the average and below-average households pay virtually no taxes at all. Although this progressive system can be effective, as seen in other countries, the problem is that there are so few high earners that very little tax revenue is actually being raised. The line for which a household can declare themselves exempt is higher than most families earn, leaving very few candidates who are qualified to pay these high amounts of taxes. This threshold is 12,000 Euro per year, and has created a culture where many Greeks are understating their income in order to remain under this threshold and avoid paying taxes. The disinterest in paying taxes is inevitable in all countries, but in this situation, citizens are actually able to get away with tax evasion, adding to the problem. This goes back to the corruption of Greek politicians, and the culture deeply rooted in cheating and dishonest practices. Politicians are wise enough to know that if they crack down on tax evasions among Greek citizens, they will not be re-elected and will lose their political power, influence and immunity. For this reason, most politicians look the other way on massive amounts of tax evasions, and citizens are not forced to pay their taxes, adding to the already discussed lack of accountability. This is why the threshold for tax-exempt families is currently at such an alarming level. In the words of Manolopoulos, â€Å"the authorities proceed to hound the honest few, and let the thousands of dishonest high income individuals escape with impunity. Tax avoidance is a national pastime in Greece. It has become a cultural trait. The Greek people never learned to pay their taxes, because no one is punished. † This mindset described by Manolopoulos is at the heart of the problem, and clearly shows the unwillingness of typical Greek citizens to do their part and contribute to the overall welfare of the country. As far as reforms to try and aid the recovery of this failing economy, little has been done. The Economic Adjustment Program is essentially a program that has planned out 5-year economy strategy for the country, called the Medium-Term Fiscal Strategy. This was created in 2011 and sought to increase the efficiency of public spending, eliminate wasteful spending that drains government resources, reduce the size of the public sector, broaden the base of tax payers, and eliminate the amount of individuals who are evading taxes by imposing meaningful penalties and consequences. The plan for this strategy is to increase efficiency, and further incentivize the labor force to increase how hard people work and their inclinations to give back for the greater good. This seeks to decrease the tax-free threshold from 12,000 to 8,000 euro per year. A luxury tax will be imposed on very wealthy individuals to bring in further revenue. 200 new companies have been created to bring business back to Greece. There will be an increase in the amount of audits and increased sentences for tax evaders. Although this does not fully address the power imbalance issues that are a central issue in the crisis, many are hopeful that this plan, over time will increase the output of the economy and reduce the massive deficit the country currently faces. In conclusion, these structural measures being taken have not been overly successful, but the country will benefit in the long run from them. The only reason this failing countries economy is still relatively in tact is because of the continuous capital injections from the EU and the IMF. In an effort to keep the economy relatively liquid, Greece has remained above water. It seems that the true problem at the root of this crisis is the imbalance of power, which must be addressed if full recovery is ever to be achieved. In other words, there is a long way to go for this former superpower.

Pursing a Career as a Police Officer

Pursing a Career as a Police Officer A sociology degree is a very useful and relevant degree for any career in the criminal justice field. Police officers are one great example of this. As a career that is present in every city, town, and community across the country, becoming a police officer does not usually require relocation and is it is usually always in demand. One way that a sociology degree is especially helpful to a police officer is that it allows one to examine situations with knowledge of the structural issues that surround a society. For example, socioeconomic status, race, ethnicity, and age are all especially important for understanding specific conflict situations. Understanding the Effects Stereotypes Have It is always important to understand the effects that stereotypes have in how people perceive a community problem. Witnesses to a crime, for example, might believe a stereotype about the criminal and will therefore bias the true events. By understanding this and asking very specific questions, the police officer may be able to get an accurate depiction of the crime without any stereotyped influences. In conducting police work, it is also important to understand that communities are composed of relational networks. These networks can be especially important in both investigating crimes and in preventing criminal acts. Since police officers are constantly interacting with community members, education on how to interact with and deal with certain types of people is crucial. In fact, it is often the case that less than half of police academy training has to do with laws, legal codes, and weapons, and the majority of training is spent on human interaction. How a Sociology Degree Is Extremely Helpful This is where a sociology degree is extremely helpful. Role-playing, modeling people’s behavior, and understanding group dynamics is crucial to be a successful police officer. An understanding of cultural diversity is also important. Those going into a career in law enforcement need to learn that there are other patterns of living and officers need to learn to adapt to those patterns when they enter certain situations. Job Description The primary duty of police officers is to enforce the law. They help the community fight crime by making arrests, assisting people with emergencies, investigating crimes, helping prosecute crimes, collecting evidence, testifying in court, and writing detailed reports of crimes. Educational Requirements The educational requirements for police officers vary by city and community. Larger cities often require four-year degrees while some small communities only require a high-school diploma. However, the majority of places are now requiring formal job training, commonly an associate’s degree. Additional training is provided at a federal or state law enforcement academy after an officer is hired. Salary and Benefits Police officers entering the field can expect to earn on average between $22,000 and $26,000, however, some areas pay as low as $18,000. Salaries vary by city and region. After six years of service, police officers earn an average of $34,000 or more. Benefits are offered by the majority of police departments, which typically includes life insurance, medical benefits, and retirement plans. Other Recommendations For those thinking of entering a career as a police officer, there are some other recommendations that will help you during your career. First, it is important to understand cultural diversity and be able to adapt to different cultural contexts. Foreign language capability, especially Spanish, is nearly essential. Other languages might be emphasized according to local needs. For example, Southeast Asian languages (Vietnamese, Cambodian, Chinese etc.) are needed in parts of California. Computer literacy is also a must, as officers compose written reports that are transmitted directly and immediately to the department for analysis. Finally, oral communication skills are essential to conduct good community relations. Search for jobs in law enforcement or other sociology careers in your area. References Stephens, W.R. (2004). Careers in Sociology, Third Edition. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Criminal Justice USA. (2011). Police Officer. criminaljusticeusa.com/police-officer.html